So the Norton is definitely at Shakes & Co. now, so pick up a copy ASAP!

You might have noticed that Blog Post #2 is due on Tuesday, when we’re not meeting due to Rosh Hashana.  Let’s bump the deadline back to 9/18 prior to class time.  Remember:

• this post counts and will be evaluated via the extensive guidelines I provided, so re-read the description/rubric/example as you work on it
• I will give some individualized feedback this time, with a provisional grade, so you know how you’re doing
• your post can be on any of the readings (or combination of readings) thus far; if you’re stuck, answer one of the meatier questions from the prompts for Saussure and Jakobson

Nietzsche’s observations about the “effect” of the intellect on its owner rattles the pillars of Western solipsism. He attacks the philosopher who believes, per this effect, that the center of the world is in his own head.”The arrogance inherent in cognition and feeling casts a blinding over the eyes and senses of human beings,” he writes. He goes on to malign the metaphorical projections made by philosophers to create self-serving “truths.” Through these lenses, the philosopher (for Nietzsche, the most rapacious seeker of approval) might see the imposition of humanity on “things” as of a piece with cosmic laws; i.e. unshakable, unchangeable. “True.”

Nietzsche is unsparing and thorough in his efforts to dismantle human intellectual self-importance. But perhaps Truth and Lying‘s most striking quality is the feral intensity of the author’s voice; his tone is downright zealous, and he darkly illustrates precisely what the didactic, moralistic, or self-centered philosopher he targets is afraid to hear.

An intrinsic beauty has just arisen within the human spirit.  It is particularly specialized and primarily human in nature: that is, if you consider yourself a human being.

The human intellect has made the discovery of understanding that it can distinguish the difference, between itself and from everything else within its environment—or consciousness.  Considering this form of logic, Nietzsche speculates in his essay On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense, that the human intellect is capable of accommodating only the interests of humans themselves.

“The arrogance inherent in cognition and feeling casts a blinding fog over the eyes and senses of human beings, and because it contains within itself the most flattering evaluation of cognition, it deceives them about the value of existence.”(pp.765)

To many, cognition can be described as a feeling of self-awareness within the world.  The human ability to wake up, hop in the shower, rush off to the office and then back home (to the ones they love most), all rely on the capacity to be aware of one’s self within one’s immediate environment.  To many, this brings meaning to life.  N. has compared this aspect of human life to that of a common housefly, with a view which shines light towards the perspective of the housefly.

The cognition of a single human being, is more than likely similar to that of the housefly’s, in the respect that the housefly believes that it’s existence hosts greater importance—not only amongst other houseflies, but other beings within it’s environment.  The difference of the two, lie in their methods of communication: in which the human being has chosen modes of language to describe things around him/her.

While being human myself, I can attempt to describe these particular concepts by using words and classifying things (of relevance) in arrangements.  My statements are not necessarily true, in the same respect that they are not false—due to the metaphorical nature of language.  This attempt to understand has helped humans develop schemes in order to progress in nature, to an extent that we consider other things in reference to our likeness.

“Everything which distinguishes human beings from animals depends on this ability to sublimate sensuous metaphors into a schema, in other words, to dissolve an image into a concept.”(pp.768)

Anthromorphic statements are usually limited in value, due to its inability to be true within itself.  This is simply a perception that: Everything in existence must, logically, possess a form of human likeness.  With these considerations, it is not difficult to infer that human beings will begin assimilating everything else in existence, with belief, that everything else in existence, exists for the sole purpose of entertaining humanity.  While humanity is pleased with its creative ability—to bring ideas into tangible form—it unavailingly, begins to believe that these creations are absolute in value.  Absolution drives human beings to believe that the products of their creations are valued with truth.  Simultaneously, the fundamental laws (which produced these creations) are derived from principles, whose truths are valued simply for their metaphorical substance.

“…The legislation of language also produces the first laws of truth, for the contrast between truth and lying comes into existence here for the first time: the liar uses the valid tokens of designation—words—to make the unreal appear to be real…”(pp.766)

N. infers that truth must have derived from a universal civil agreement over time, amongst human beings.  When the world has begun the cessation of war, human beings will potentially, be unified.  This accompanies a belief that certain members of society have always been in pursuit of truth.  Maintenance of this unified society also requires a standard form of communication, which all members of the specie must use to relay information, or some sort of system of designation.

In order for one thing to exist, it must have another thing to compare and contrast itself to: with purpose and expression or “…the full and adequate expression of an object within a subject…”(770).  However, this still does not determine the association and disassociation of the two, this is only an aesthetic value.  A thing cannot become an object, unless it is conceptualized as a subject and expressed through a medium, otherwise there is no connection in nature between the two.

N.’s writing style is highly complex, yet very poetic, as if the reader is sitting down comfortably and being read to.

Nietzsche asserts that truth is a construction with which humanity deludes itself in order to comprehend a universe that disregards it’s pathetic, ephemeral existence. As beings that have evolved a cognitive sense, humans are prisoners of their own phenomenological awareness. Our inability to grasp the physical plane objectively results in the creation of concepts through a process of sublimation. In so doing, humanity exists within a conceptual territory that it has reified through social conditioning. Language, as such, can only convey the distorted renderings which a twitching nerve perceived. Still another degree separates the objective from the understanding; humanity’s “architectural genius” results in a cyclical perception of existence whereby the self can be identified in the object. Yet, as Nietzsche argues, the object as spoken is merely a grotesque estimation of the object as perceived, which is itself an illusionary reflection of the object as it is. Human intelligence cannot escape the degrees of error as it attempts to understand existence via its own constructed modality. Ergo, the study of existence is reduced to the study of conscious existence. Truth undergirds the structural frame of humanity’s conceptual pyramid, but, just as the pyramid, it is a constructed entity that has been conceived in order to reason the whole. Meaning, for this short, cognitive branch of evolution, is entirely subjective, and therefore meaningless beyond the ego of existence.

Language since the beginning has been about communication, communicating and sharing our thoughts, our ideas, our feelings. But through it come deception, dishonesty and lying? This is what Friedrich Nietzsche says in his work “On Truth and Lying”. Nietzsche points out that with language we form deception. That truth is “…a sum of human relations which have been subjected to poetic and rhetorical intensification…” Nietzsche also points out that because language is so much in use after a while it loses its value, comparing it to a coin.

Nietzsche has a really good point. We use language on a daily basis without even thinking. Many times we speak without thinking, many times we don’t realize how heavy our words are, how much of an impact they have. Lying is very common, and it’s even more common to do without intention, without realizing it. With language comes perception, and through that comes honesty or dishonesty. Nietzsche questions the one thing that many people wouldn’t ask. language is a very powerful tool and it allows human to create so much more.

In his essay, Nietzsche describes how “deception” greatly relates to language and cognition. Nietzsche writes how humans, “are deeply immersed in illusions and dream-images; their eyes merely glide across the surface of things and see ‘forms’; nowhere does their perception lead to truth; instead it is content to receive stimuli and, as it were, to play with its fingers on the back of things,” (765). The argument here is essentially that human beings are exceptionally lazy, and only see or identify things to fit their own specific worldview. Given how people lie, cheat, and manipulate facts, “truth” becomes muddled. People see and hear only what makes them comfortable, in turn also distorting what other people witness for their own personal gain.

This is especially true with the way language is formed to deceive, “the liar uses the valid tokens of designation — words — to make the unreal appear to be real; he says, for example, ‘I am rich’, whereas the correct designation for his condition would be, precisely, ‘poor,'” (Nietzsche 766). Such deception through language exemplifies how ideas can be twisted and morphed. The irony here is that language is a social construction devised to build and communicate new ideas and concepts, to inform people the truth —  yet language has also been provided as an outlet for lies and deceit. This analysis on language by Nietzsche is especially relevant today in our media-savvy society, where you can find out a wide range of news with a five-second Google search. Yet with all of this saturation of news and language, it is very easy for one to be swayed by a certain article that has clear bias — that uses language to construct its own fake “truth” to service an agenda. The same can be said for wartime propaganda (eg. Nazi films), using language to distort the truth in order to rally support for a country, or hatred against one.

The beginning of “On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense” (“there was once a planet…”) reads like the first lines of a fable, and appropriately so: Nietzsche is telling us a story in which he questions the possibility and value of telling the truth (764). He points out the absurdity of humans valuing their intellect above all else when our existence registers but a blip on the timeline of the universe. N denounces human intellect as “pitiful,” “insubstantial,” “transitory,” “purposeless and arbitrary” (764). The arrogance of human intellect deceives even philosophers and scientists into thinking they are pursuing an objective truth when our actual condition is one of permanent deception. That is, “the intellect shows its greatest strengths in dissimulation”: Our idea of cognition is merely an illusion that we construct for the purpose of self-preservation and social cohesion. After all, what do human beings really know about themselves? Nature doesn’t tell us; “nature knows neither forms nor concepts…but only an ‘X’ which is inaccessible to us and indefinable by us” (767).

After degrading the significance of our intellect, N asks about the origin of our truth drive. He concludes that truth isn’t as important as the belief that we possess the truth, which is a mind-blowing revelation (for me, at least). Not only is objective truth impossible for us to grasp, but we don’t even want it if it isn’t pleasant and life-preserving. Sadly, I have to agree.

I also agree with Nietzsche’s critique of language, its futility in capturing and conveying an objective truth/reality. Our inherently subjective, linguistic mode of representation makes me skeptical about the value we place on truth, a “mobile army of metaphors, metonymies, anthropomorphisms…illusions of which we have forgotten that they are illusions” (768). What’s “meta” about this essay is that N consciously fulfills what he calls “the obligation to lie in accordance with firmly established convention” in order to illustrate his ideas. In this way, for the purpose of communication, illusion may be beneficial. On the other hand, each reader might extract from this essay a completely different understanding of what N’s trying to communicate due to the shaky foundation of metaphors.

At the end, N contrasts the life of a rational intellectual with the life of a liberated artist who is guided “not by concepts but by intuitions” (773). Unlike metaphor, art is honest about being an illusion. N suggests that art allows humans to detach themselves from their rigid views of truth and alter their constructed world for the better.

According to Nietzsche, at the heart of language and cognition is deception. To completely understand why he believes that to be so we would have to understand how he defines truth. Nietzsche defines truth as being a set of metaphors, similes, poetics, rhetorical  intensification and translations which have been in use for a long time, so much so that we have forgotten they are not firmly established (768). He believes that the truths that we now hold dear are forgotten illusions. We have come to a point when people have forgotten that we are the ones who have defined what something is or is not. We are the ones that have decide that a rock is hard while feathers are soft. In Genesis 1:18 of the KJV of the bible it is says, “And out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.” This was the first example that came to my mind after reading Nietzsche’s writing, because even though this is a religious text and he is not religious, it exemplifies what he is trying to convey. We as people do not truly understand the thing we can only define it as we see fit. Thus making the fundamentals of our language and truths to be lies. Our language, as the professor said, does not mirror an object. I find instead that it simply just illustrates what we believe it to be. Describing and labeling a thing is as if you drew an object. No matter how much you may recreate the image the image will not truly reflect the object. It will in the end only help us understand what we think that object is or should be. It is through repetition and forced habits that we have developed the fundamentals of our language and cognition. And because of this repetition we have forgotten that it is also we who has created and defined what we call the truth.